Bernard Miège 38 continents). At present, it seems to remain in force, but we must add to it now and especially in the long term a whole series of medium- or small-sized platforms, at the initiative of smaller ac- tors, in the most diverse fields. However, if the development of PF undoubtedly marks a new stage in the accentuation of the commodification of cul- tural and information products (in this sense we are in fact looking forward to a new cycle in the market), its current effects are not such as to announce the emergence of a new decisive stage that announces a new system (and also a new aesthetic) in the relations between the economy and cultural and informational phenomena. The elements of continuity remain strongly pres- ent, so that the existing actors tend to ally themselves with the new actors, although they are sometimes/usually forced to ac- cept the rules imposed by the newparticipants. Furthermore, we cannot limit ourselves to the effects of very insistent announcements, supporting the pursuit of technological development, for example in the form of methods related to artificial intelligence. The digitization of societies comes largely from the recovery and progressive change of existing socioeconomic structures. That is why, regarding the cultural and informational domains, it seems sensible to me to follow the recommendations recently presented by Philippe Bouquillion in a research seminar and according to which: Three approaches are present, but they pose dif- ferent questions and appear in different temporal and historical frameworks: • Industrialization with works related to the the- ory of cultural industries since the late 1970s • “Symbolization” with approaches in terms of creative industries and economies since the late 1990s • Platformization is particularly considered from the approaches in platform studies and infrastructure studies since the 2000s and 2010s (Bouquillion, unpublished text). Certainly, he continues, these three approaches are very different, but all three attempt to identify modalities and
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