Ilya Kiriya 48 tion of professionally produced commodified news with content produced individually. As a result, it created a confusion be- tween three kinds of content: • Professional news content produced by commercial and public journalistic organizations. • Professional and quasi-professional content cre- ated by different kinds of activist groups and essentially mixing news information with opinions, biased argumentations etc. Some of such content may exist based on professional news media created by political parties, financed by activist or- ganizations etc. (for instance – a radical-right US republican media – Breitbart). Some others may represent separate communities on social media (such as YouTube channels, Facebook political groups etc.). • Non-professional content created by personal in- dependent users based on self-expression (indi- vidual accounts on YouTube, bloggers, Instagram influencers etc.). The circulation of messages between such three realms is due to the common patterns of networked messages circulation amplified by social media algorithms. As Lance Bennett states: “There are of course grey areas in the boundaries be- tween what counts as journalism, partisan journalism and the alt-right disinformation order” (Bennett, Livingston, 2018, p. 125). As a result, such mixture undermined the dialogical principle of the public sphere. It created instead the uncontrolla- ble flow of information spread out by the means of interpersonal networks. In such a situation it contributed to the formation of filter-bubbles (Pariser, 2012) when, instead of dialogue, social media formed isolated discourse-communities. In such spaces, the circulation of information based on interpersonal parallel communication flow became very visible and public. The prin- ciple of information spreading in these social networks is largely mimetic and viral (Rushkoff, 2010), while the public effect and coverage are larger than in purely interpersonal realm. The rise
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