Ilya Kiriya 54 which is biased by orientation toward more emotional, attracting, less serious, and, as a result, less news-oriented content. If we refer to the spreading of professional news con- tent through news aggregators (such as Google news), we should also keep in mind that their algorithms are largely dominated by the keyword logics of the Google advertising algorithm. As a re- sult, the spreadability of professional news on news aggregators also depends on purely commercial advertising logic. 5. (In) Conclusion: bias of visibility The entertainment-oriented “light” content together with “attracting” titles, non-checked news, scandal stories, pop- ular conspiracies etc. are finally privileged by the algorithms of social media as well as the algorithms of news aggregators. The visibility of such content tends to be higher. As a result, the ques- tion of fake news, disinformation and hybrid threats related with social media became one of the central in restrictive policies of different countries especially after the Mueller’s report on Rus- sian interference into 2016 US presidential elections. The East StratCom Task Force created by EU concluded that to counter Russia’s ongoing disinformation campaign against the EU and Ukraine, proactive actions focusing on communication strategies were required to safeguard the region, its Eastern neigh- boring areas (Iosifidis, Nicoli, 2020). In 2018, EU published the report “Tackling online disinformation: a European approach” (EU, 2018) proposing a complete framework to act on fake news issue. In the report, action 1 (Transparency of the information ecosystem) and action 3 (Empowerment of users and jour- nalists) are dedicated to the role digital social media platform are playing in combatting disinformation, among which we may see an orientation toward the development of platform algo- rithms able to check, mark and downrank the fakes news. Such an orientation reflects well the neo-liberal policies already applied by digital commercial platforms. Google and Facebook avoided to be arbiters of truth and preferred to be seen as tech- nological companies. That is why they preferred not to block or
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